In 1964, coupled with the deepening rift between China and the Soviet Union, a large left-wing faction of the CPI leadership, based in the states of Kerala and West Bengal, broke away from the party and formed the Communist Party of India (CPI-M). In 1964, ideological differences stemming from the Soviet-Chinese communist split in the
When Qing extended its power beyond the Great Wall of China in the final years of the Ming Dynasty, Nurhaci’s son and successor Hong Taiji added mirrored Mongolian and Han banners to the eight-banner system. As the power of Qing increased past the Great Wall in the last years of the Ming dynasty, Kurhazi’s son
The trade patterns of the canton system were developed in the 17th and 19th centuries by Chinese and foreign, mainly British merchants in the southern Chinese trading city of Guangzhou (Canton). The main feature of the canton system which was developed between 1760 and 1842 was that foreign trade to China was limited to the
Given Britain’s dependence on Chinese silk, ceramics, and tea exports, opium was the only commodity that could save Britain’s balance of payments in Asia from a ruinous deficit. Opium Wars and Foreign Encroachments In the 18th century, two things happened that made it difficult for England to balance its trade with the east. First, the
The First Sino-Japanese War (May 25 — April 17, 1895 ) was a conflict between the Qing dynasty in China and the Japanese Empire over the influence of Joseon Korea. It was a great battle with troop movements from 1 August 1894 to 17 April 1895 in Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan, and the Yellow Sea, which
Korea was placed under military rule by Japan in 1905 and annexed in 1910 as part of Japan’s 35-year imperialist expansion. Japanese colonization, Korean independence, and Japan’s annexation of Korea in August 1910 led to reforms aimed at integrating Koreans into Japanese culture. These reforms included the systematic destruction of Korean historical books and literary
Yiguandao is a popular religious movement in Taiwan that originated in China in the early 20th century and includes an innovative synthesis of Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist teachings, sectarian traditions, and popular religious influences (Jordan and Overmyer, 1986; Lu, 2008; Billioud, shortly). It means “consistent way” or “persistent way” and is a Chinese folk religious
Confucianism was rejected by the Qin Dynasty because it was critical of the policies of the dynasties. The philosophy of reform by Confucius was popularized by the philosopher and Confucian scholar Mencius. He traveled from state to state teaching Confucian ideals to end the chaos of the warring states of the time. The teachings of
In Taoism, the concept of Xuan refers to the mental universe. Taoism believes that the Xuan is the first cause of the universe, the spiritual body of the material. The main belief and doctrine of Taoism are that Tao is the origin and law of all things in the universe. Taoism endorses the art of
The unit was founded in 1936 and became one of the most powerful biological warfare units in the United States. During World War II, it served as a nerve center for Japan’s biological warfare in China and Southeast Asia. The unit conducted vivisection experiments on living people and tested germ samples – including the release